Comparative Analysis of Maternal and Neonatal Complications in Elective and Emergency C-Sections
Ayesha Siddiqua, Ifra Mushtaq
Keywords: Cesarean section, maternal outcome, fetal outcome, elective C-section, emergency C-section
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cesarean section (C-section) is a critical surgical procedure in obstetric care, with elective and emergency C-sections differing significantly in preparation and outcomes. Emergency procedures often carry higher maternal and fetal risks due to limited preoperative optimization.
Objective: To compare maternal and fetal outcomes between elective and emergency C-sections. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of DHQ, Sheikhupura, from July 2023 to October 2023. A total of 200 pregnant women undergoing C-sections were included through non-probability purposive sampling, with 100 elective and 100 emergency cases. Patients were evaluated for demographic details, clinical presentation, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and fetal outcomes.
Results: In the emergency group (Group A), only 20% were booked cases compared to 94% in the elective group (Group B). Hemorrhage occurred in 20% of emergency cases versus 3% of elective cases. Postpartum hemorrhage was observed in 12% and 2% of cases, respectively. Blood transfusions were needed in 92% of emergency cases compared to 15% of elective cases. Postoperative morbidity affected 100% of emergency cases versus 48% of elective cases, with anemia being the most common complication. Fetal complications, including respiratory distress and meconium aspiration, were significantly higher in the emergency group. Perinatal mortality was also more frequent among emergency C-sections.
Conclusion: Elective C-sections performed with adequate preparation are associated with significantly fewer maternal and neonatal complications compared to emergency procedures. Strengthening antenatal care and timely decision-making can reduce the incidence of emergency interventions, improving overall maternal and fetal outcomes.
Keywords: Cesarean section, maternal outcome, fetal outcome, elective C-section, emergency C-section